History Of Entrepreneurship In Mauritius Business Essay

History Of Entrepreneurship In Mauritius Business Essay A few measures and arrangements have been actualized since autonomy in regards to SMEs, the need of the legislature of amplifying social government assistance has been considered through the creation and advancement of enterprising organizations. The causes of SMEs in Mauritius starts during the 1960s when Mauritius was encountering a hesitant industrialization change-over with the principle target of providing the nearby market with imported products and helping the nation to increase a specific self-rule. Around then, the administration was empowering the creation of various sorts of wares, for example, assembling of cutting edges, electrical bulbs, batteries, cleanser, welding and steel work for development, refining consumable oils, plastic industry, food canning, modern poultry rearing, yogurt producing, bread rolls, shoes, etc for the household showcase. The Ministry of Commerce and Industry set up the Small Scale Industry Unit (SSIU) in 1976 which in 1983 turned into the Small Industry Development Organization (SIDO), the essential point of such organization was to give general counsel and direction to independent ventures and in 1988, the Small Scale Industry (SSI) encountered a genuine change-over through the introduction of the Small Scale Industries Act. This demonstration advanced the improvement of the SSI by embracing a legitimate meaning of SSI, willful enlistment of SSI, obligation exception on creation hardware and the setting up of a warning board. The Industrial Expansion Act 1993 comprised of the SMIDO Act which was considered as the following milestone in advancing business in Mauritius, the thought was to set up a system for uniting, extending and improving the intensity and building up a SME part. The legislature executed a Ministry of SMEs in December 2003 and two years after the Small Enterprises and Handicraft Development Authority (SEHDA) was made after the association of the SMIDO and the National Handicraft Promotion Agency (NHPA). The SEHDA principle objective was to advance an increasingly viable and productive utilization of accessible assets apportioned to the pioneering division in Mauritius. The SEHDA Act 2010 was supplanted by the Small and Medium Enterprises Development (SMEDA) Act and this was the most recent improvement concerning the SME strategy system in Mauritius. The SMEDA these days works under the aegis of the Ministry of Business, Enterprise and Cooperatives and speak to one of the most notable associations advancing business enterprise in the Mauritian economy. Meaning of business visionary and enterprise Who is a business visionary? The term business visionary has been characterized in different structures over the previous years dependent on proficient experience of people or dependent on perceptions and investigates made to comprehend what a business person is. As per the Irish-French financial specialist Richard Cantillon (1725), a business person is somebody who acknowledges to follow through on a specific cost for a product (for example materials) and to exchange it at another value in this manner choosing about the down to earth utilization of assets while subsequently conceding the danger of big business. The French market analyst Jean-Baptiste Say (1803) expressed that a specialist is a monetary operator who pulls together all elements of creation land, work, and capital and produces an item as such moving financial assets out of a territory of lower efficiency to a higher one. The American administration expert Peter Drucker (1964) expressed that a business person is one who searches for and react to ch ange, along these lines appreciating openings by changing over a source into asset. Another definition inferred that a business visionary is an individual beginning another business in another market where nobody before has begun business, this was expressed by W.B. Gartner in 1985. In this manner it tends to be seen that the meaning of a business visionary shifts as indicated by time and as per perceptions and impression of individuals who considers it as essentially singular creation cash by tolerating to face challenges to accomplish his/her objective. Be that as it may, so as to see obviously the idea, a less complex yet direct definition ought to be thought of and thusly, a business person is a person who chooses to face the challenges of dealing with a business and particularly controlling elements of creation, for example, land, work and capital for making benefit. The principle qualities that a business person ought to have are eagerness, insight, inventiveness, assurance, mental fortitude to face challenges, relational abilities, human connection capacities, business mystery, regulatory capacity, capacity to oversee pressure, driving aptitudes, specialized information, critical thinking aptitudes, etc. Business people are characterized dependent on Useful attributes being creative, imitative, incredulous, careful, or impervious to change. Improvement edge being energetic for extension, endurance, proficient, or focused distinctly on nearby exchanging. Kinds of innovative business-fabricating, wholesaling, retailing, or administration business. Nine character kinds of business visionaries being an improver, guide, profoundly qualified, exceptionally imaginative, visionary, examiner, idealistic, pioneer, decided. Kinds of inspiration propelled by benefit, prizes, and self-satisfaction. Kinds of territory urban or country business people Kinds of sexual orientation male or ladies business visionaries. What is business enterprise? The term business enterprise has likewise been characterized by certain scientists, financial expert and specialists where various implications have been created so as to explain what it is truly. As indicated by the financial expert Joseph Schumpeter during the 1930s, business enterprise utilizes the idea of storm of imaginative annihilation where past advancements available are supplanted by new thoughts along these lines executing new ideas for boosting monetary development. The two American financial analysts Peter Drucker (1970) and Frank H Knight (1921) expressed that business manages facing challenges for bringing in cash , the demonstrations of free venture is regularly exposed to no ensure that the individual will have the option to challenges the market vulnerabilities. Business is viewed as a significant driver of monetary development for a nation as per the American financial expert David B. Audretsch, in Mauritius for example, SMEs re incredibly taking an interest in the improvement of the nation, particularly in decreasing neediness and joblessness. Be that as it may, for the time being, let us characterize what business enterprise is truly. It is the way toward expanding business interests by embracing innovativeness and development in a manner to set up a venture. It is the activity of an individual include in limiting the utilization of assets and facing challenges so as to produce benefits. In Mauritius, free endeavor is typically alluded to as Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs) where a little venture is characterized as a business producing a yearly turnover of around 10 million rupees and medium undertaking is characterized as a business having a yearly turnover of not in excess of 50 million rupees. The SMEDA as a team with the Ministry of Business, Enterprise and Cooperatives targets advancing development and seriousness of SMEs, exhorting the Ministry in regards to how to control the SMEs segment and actualizing bolster programs. http://www.sbmgroup.mu/pictures/653_200_sme.gif Motivating forces for business enterprise For as long as decades, there have been numerous impetuses and supports given to endeavors for the advancement of the SME area in Mauritius. The Ministry of Business, Enterprise and Cooperative has been working with various establishments to have the option to offer the most types of assistance conceivable to little and medium ventures, the spending plan 2012-2013 has considered budgetary administrations which incorporate the arrival of Rs 3bn of advances from the financial segment to SMEs till 2014 at a loan fee of 3% over the repo rate that is 8.5 % and handling costs and related charges will be repudiated. Here is a rundown of the various organizations and bolster plans given to business people. Little and Medium Industries Development Organization (SMIDO) Fare Credit Guarantee Insurance Scheme: Joint exertion of SMIDO and SICOM Ltd Secures the sending out SME against disappointment of purchaser to pay all fare exchanges after shipment Pays 85% of the receipt an incentive to the policyholder in instances of default Fare Assistance Scheme Budgetary help to empower SMEs forward examples of their items abroad to forthcoming purchasers half discount on airfreight subject to a limit of Rs. 2000 two times per year Start-Up Scheme Money related help of up to a limit of Rs. 100,000 to business visionaries to set up their venture Forthcoming beneficiaries need to enter Business Plan Competition Preparing, Consultancy and Benchmarking Grant new and create idle Skills, and Knowledge of business visionaries in different territories/fields through Training projects, workshops and classes Organization investigation and direction Business Counseling and Information Data and direction to potential and existing business visionaries Help business people to get ready or update a complete marketable strategy Checking of business and counsel Attainability Study Grant Scheme Award identical to half of the expenses of an achievability concentrate for a practical undertaking Max. sum allowed Rs. 75,000 Study is to be attempted by an affirmed expert/consultancy firm Mauritius Industrial Development Authority (MIDA) Fare Business Support Scheme Monetary help for interest in exchange missions sorted out by MIDA subsidizing of up to 75% of cost of stand and 25% discount on the expense of air tickets Budgetary help for interest in other exchange shows subsidizing of up to 60% of cost of stand and 25% discount on the expense of air tickets Worldwide Credit Checking Service half discount on the expense of each search affected, subject to a maximum. of 5 organization checks for each annum SME Exhibition Center Virtual Exhibition Center Grandstand and Communicate results of SMEs to both neighborhood and outside purchasers. Modern Buildings/

Discussion/ Technology and Operations Management Free Essays

Global Project the board is basic to control asset use to guarantee quality creations. Global activities include numerous individuals with various societies and foundations. It is in this manner important to have the board framework that blends the social, social, political and financial contrasts among them. We will compose a custom paper test on Conversation/Technology and Operations Management or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now Task administrator ought to be strategic and astute in dynamic to guarantee each extend part is all around provided food for and most extreme usage of the assets is accomplished to meet undertaking targets (Kwak, 2002). Improvement of a global task the board plan in work environment Worldwide undertaking improvement conditions are influenced with numerous components beginning from inside and outside the advancement situations naturally. Universal undertaking improvement plan might be influenced by social, social, political and monetary factors thus the administration plan ought to think about every one of these components (Kwak, 2002). The global undertaking the board plan should consider all conceivable physical factors in the nations required for alleviation. Moreover, the laws and guidelines overseeing various nations ought to be considered to guarantee political dependability. With the political variables tackled, there will be improved profits for ventures because of decrease in dangers coming about because of vulnerabilities in the universal task advancement condition. In any business, there must be lawful necessities to be met. A worldwide task improvement the executives framework needs to meet all the lawful requires as far as government approaches and guidelines. These components may influence costs, trade rates in the business sectors, assessments and even money related administration frameworks. This may prompt a few people losing their positions and others bringing about misfortunes in the business. As a business right, political variables ought to be all around figured out how to guarantee advertise dependability for the market clients (Kwak, 2002). Social factors, for example, style or qualities ought to be viewed as when building up a universal venture advancement the board framework. Since certain nations don't know about the some social assets in different nations, help ought to be given to encourage the global tasks improvement process. Social worth ought to be placed into thought when structuring the administration framework. When getting ready for a worldwide undertaking the board framework, mechanical variables ought to be placed in to thought. This is on the grounds that mechanical structures and level of utilization change from nation to nation (Kwak, 2002). This may prompt fluctuated cooperation levels in a task thus an undertaking chief ought to think about the variety to effectively deal with a venture. Utilizing venture the board methods to handily and morally lead complex worldwide undertakings in associations Project the board is a strategy through which tasks can be assessed to support delicate abilities application conversely with the hard aptitudes to accomplish the venture objectives. Delicate abilities are generally founded on the specialized assets required to carryout a venture, for example, stakeholders’ commitments, coordinated effort or collaboration, hierarchical practices and the board methodologies (Marques, 2005). As per Harold (2005), for an effective venture the executives in an association, able and moral methods for an achievement in a perplexing or huge association are as per the following. Initially, there must be process combinations in the associations. Combination of procedures includes framing cooperation or joint efforts in a venture to guarantee each member’s necessities are provided food for in the item structure. What's more, collaboration guarantees achievement due to improved support among individuals. Second, consolidation of social qualities at the plan phases of an administration framework. Consolidation of the social qualities in multicultural association will guarantee impartial introduction of all individuals rights and in this manner not to bring down their nobility or misuse their privileges (Harold, 2005). Third, data and bolster administrations, which incorporates checking and surveying the correspondence frameworks to catch everyone’s sees regarding remarks or recommendations. Forward, trainings ought to be given to all individuals from an association especially in innovation use to empower them to grasp innovation use. In numerous events, the executives very much prepared representatives in an association are exceptionally enabled and they partake completely in all territories inside the association to improve efficiency. Fifth, conduct greatness that includes imparting moral qualities to the representatives. Workers need to realize their privileges and how to secure them in the association. The board framework ought to give fro a manner by which petitions in the workplace can be unraveled reasonably to make solidarity and congruity among laborers (Harold, 2005). Decent variety diverse points of view, Team building aptitudes, Decision making in the working environment In a multicultural situation, there must be change the board, which empowers new individuals in the association to be actuated well and effective fit in the new workplace. Dynamic based creation techniques ought to be placed in to contemplations to maintain a strategic distance from asset wastages and fulfill every single inner prerequisite in an association. Lean assembling ought to be embraced to possibly create when expected to limit asset utilization in the association (Joomla, 2009). Notwithstanding lean assembling, venture the board ought to be completed in all undertakings in an association. This is to guarantee quality exhibitions to ceaselessly improve in creations. Undertaking the executives will likewise guarantee savvy utilization of assets especially in an enormous and complex association. In different and multicultural associations, clashes are probably going to occur because of the social and ecological contrasts. Refereeing framework ought to be profited to give reasonable decisions to the hierarchical individuals. Cooperation or coordinated effort ought to be urged to encourage dynamic and improve inventiveness (Joomla, 2009). Improved dynamic and inventiveness will prompt quality creation through creation great designs for ventures. Advancement may likewise prompt enhancements in the flexibly chain levels. A very much oversaw flexibly chain model can be improved through development or innovation use to dispose of non-esteem adding procedures to creation forms. End Project the board is principal in all tasks whether in huge or little associations. Universal task the executives is similarly as vital as the neighborhood ones (Marques, 2005). In multicultural associations, the representatives must be prepared on different social, social, political and monetary variables to guarantee consistency during a joint venture. Undertaking supervisors are required to consider the social elements when planning an administration structure for all the individuals to be suited and be allowed to completely take part in the hierarchical assignments. Reference: Harold, K. (2005). Propelled Project Management best Practices on Implementation, second ed, John Wiley Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey Joomla. (2009). Accreditation, Innovation, Decision Making, Project Management, Team Building, Conflict Management: Certification Programs for Educational and Business Organizations Standards or Courses Custom Designed for your Organization. Joomla. Seen on thirteenth June 2009, Available at http://endeavourprojects.com/Joomla Kwak, Y. H. (2002). Basic Success Factors in International Development Project The executives. Seen on thirteenth June 2009. Accessible at http://home.gwu.edu/~kwak/Kwak_CIB65_2002.pdf Marques, G. M. (2005). Conversation of the distinctive highlights of Project Management in the 21st Century. Seen on thirteenth June 2009. Accessible at http://www.caaei.org/anexos/65.doc Step by step instructions to refer to Discussion/Technology and Operations Management, Essays Conversation/Technology and Operations the executives Free Essays Customization is setting down deep roots and has become some portion of us. An accomplishment starts with systems that realize what to alter rather than just managing troubles in the board. The Working together of both the activities and promoting divisions improves results (Orlando, 2007). We will compose a custom article test on Conversation/Technology and Operations the executives or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now As per Booz Company (2008) absence of coordination by the advertising division and task the executives in doing some specific exercises sets costs excessively high. This thusly influences the exhibition of customization techniques. Connection between venture the executives and showcasing the board The o connection between venture the executives and showcasing the board is the goals should be the equivalent. Marketing’s fundamental goal is to fulfill the need and flexibly of shoppers without considering costs. The task director should figure out how to limit these expenses. (Booz Company, 2008). They have to go to some degree of understanding as far as setting destinations so they set explicit goals that diminishes expenses and keeps buyers fulfilled. The other connection among advertisers and tasks is reducing expenses and fulfilling consumers’ needs. There is by all accounts a contention between venture the executives and advertising office. Rather than helping out one another, they are at loggerheads. Promoting needs numerous assortments to look over while activities need to roll out those improvements at low expenses. The other connection between the two offices is that they are repaid in an unexpected way. Promoting rotates around unit deals while venture the executives primary concern is tied in with decreasing assembling cost. Venture administrators and advertisers don't have similar interests. This factor can strain there connection between them. Undertaking manag

Blog Archive Harvard Business School 2+2 Essay Analysis, 2011-2012

Blog Archive Harvard Business School 2+2 Essay Analysis, 2011-2012 Harvard Business School’s (HBS’s) 2+2 essay questions are not all that different from HBS’s full-time MBA essay questions, the main difference being a mandatory question about the candidate’s undergraduate academic experience, rather than an opportunity to pose a question of your own. Still, the 2+2 questions have changed significantly from past years, most notably with the addition of a question on setbacks. 2+2ers have gained a reputation on campusâ€"justified or notâ€"for being comparatively immature. So, the admissions committee may just be testing 2+2ers’ resolve by adding this question, ensuring that they have a class of students who are not entitled, but determined. 1. Tell us about three of your accomplishments. (600 words) This mainstay of the HBS MBA application challenges the applicant to quickly “wow” the reader by recounting three individual accomplishments that, together, reveal a true depth of experience. Generally, candidates should showcase different dimensions of themselves within the three subsections of this essay. Applicants can select from their professional, community, personal, academic (must be truly outstanding), athletic, interpersonal, experiential and entrepreneurial accomplishments, but certainly, no formula for the right mix of stories exists. This essayâ€"along with its sister essay, which followsâ€"is one of HBS’s longest in terms of word limit, and many candidates treat it as three mini essays. Remember, though, that constructing individual stories within 200-word subsets can be quite challenging. Keep in mind that the experiences you choose to describe are crucial and that shamelessly bragging in this (or really any) essay is unwise. No one wants to hear “I am awesome because….” However, if you have a story that is truly worth telling (that is unquestionably “awesome”), the reader will naturally conclude on his/her own that you too are indeed “awesome” after learning how you performed. In fact, this question previously read, “What are your three most substantial accomplishments, and why do you view them as such?” This year, HBS has dropped the portion of the question that asked, “Why do you view them as such?” We believe this indicates that the admissions committee is content to glean this infor mation from your discussion of the experience itself. Candidates often wonder if the three stories they discuss in this essay must all link thematically. An essay in which each accomplishment described flows naturally into the next is good, but candidates should not fret if their essay covers three distinct stories instead. Moreover, we have seen many an applicant skip a formal introduction and simply launch into a story, grabbing and holding the reader’s attention by placing him/her in the middle of the action. Note: Avoid beginning each accomplishment with such phrases as “My first significant accomplishment is…” and “My second most significant accomplishment is….” Because many candidates actually do present their essays this way, you risk losing your reader’s interest almost immediately if you do so as well. Further, by telling the reader what each accomplishment is in the first sentence, you kill the mystery, and your reader is left with nothing to discoverâ€"nothing is driving him/her to want to continue reading your story. 2. Tell us three setbacks you have faced. (600 words) HBS obviously wants to learn about your ability to overcome, because they want to know about not one, not two, but three different setbacks you have faced. If you have not encountered any obstacles in your life, then HBS seemingly does not want you! Well, that may be a bit extreme, but clearly HBS is acknowledging that success is earned, not given, and requires a certain resilience and fortitude. The word “setback” should not be construed to mean outright “failure” and is instead fairly broadâ€"it incorporates events that happened to you, not just those you yourself created. So if, for example, you went to a football tryout and earned your way onto the team, only to break your ankle in your first game, that is a setbackâ€"the unfortunate break derailed your initial plans, but you did not cause it. Basically, the experience was still a tough one and required you to pick yourself up and refocus your energies. Of course, if you created a problem for yourselfâ€"say, for example, you started a small business that ultimately failed because you were still employed full-time elsewhere and thus were not completely committed to the ventureâ€"that experience is fair game as well. Do not be afraid to stand accountable for your actions, and do not seek to shirk responsibility by only sharing stories in which things happened to you. Although this question is not directly asked, it is implied: What did you learn? The setbacks you choose to describe are important, but your ability to overcome or learn from a setback that could not be redeemed is crucial and must be conveyed. 3. Why do you want an MBA? (400 words) If you are planning to spend $100,000 in tuition and $100,000 in living expenses (minimum) and to accept the opportunity cost of two years of missed salary, we hope your answer to this question is already crystal clear. However, if not, now is the time to examine this aspect of your future carefully and develop clearâ€"and genuineâ€"goals. Do not try to guess what HBS “wants” or game the system by trying to present yourself as something a friend told you to be. You cannot be anything or anyone that you are not and will not fool anyone by offering insincere career plans. This HBS essay question incorporates both aspects of a typical personal statement question: “What are your short- and long-term goals?” and “How can our school help you achieve them?” In writing your essay, you should present solid educational goals that pertain to your career aspirations, but take care not to take a rigid “My career goals are” approach. Because this question is so open-ended, we feel that HBS is seeking to understand your purpose and the impact you hope to have. We also believe that the admissions committee is interested in learning about the particular tools you need (and the school can provide) to help you get there, but your response needs to be a thoughtful discussion of the specifics and not a clichéd lauding of the case method or the program as a general whole. 4. What would you like the MBA Admissions Board to know about your undergraduate academic experience? (400 words) This question is quite open-ended, so you are not required to historically recount your entire academic career; you can be selective and showcase the aspects that present you in the most positive light. This can be an opportunity to explain your choices (of school/major) and highlight your intellectual vitalityâ€"but not to review your coursework (the admissions committee already has your transcript) or justify bad grades. Although “academic” is the operative word in this essay question, it can be interpreted broadly. Your academic experience can extend beyond the classroom and into, for example, vigorous discussions with professors during office hours. The idea is to show that while you were an undergraduate, you seized various opportunities to explore ideas and to develop your interests, thoughts and world view. You should try to create a sense of momentum in your essay, illustrating how you worked to discover your passions and then committed yourself to an appropriate course of study. However, this does not mean that you can only discuss your major; that quirky “Surrealist Cinema” or fascinating “Modern Architecture” class that was well outside your core course of study might be the perfect fodder to prove your intellectual curiosity and growth. We should mention that we have seen successful candidates hone in on one spectacular academic experience that defined their academic career as a whole. Again, this essay need not be a historical recounting of an entire four-year degree experience. You have the freedom to offer what is important to you and showcase what will set you apart from others. Share ThisTweet 2011-2012 Harvard University (Harvard Business School) MBA Essay Analysis

Essay The English Reformation - 3494 Words

The English Reformation During the reign of King Richard II England was experiencing her first serious outbreak of heresy for nearly a millennium. This widespread heresy, known as Lollardy, held the reformation of the Catholic Church as its main motivation, and was based upon the ideas of John Wyclif, an Oxford scholar. All kinds of men, not only in London but in widely-separated regions of the country, seized the opportunity to voice criticisms both constructive and destructive of the present state of the Church. While commoners protested and pressed for reform, going so far as to present their manifesto, the Twelve Conclusions, to Parliament, members of the royal household were protecting John Wyclif and his ideas, John of†¦show more content†¦It thus followed that it was the duty of the king to reform the Church. Eleven years after Wyclifs death, a group of Lollards came before Parliament with their complaints, and asked the Lords and the Commons in Parliament to lead the way to reformation. Wyclifs, and by extension the Lollards, views also included the supreme importance of the Scriptures as a guide to living a Christian life, as opposed to the Catholic view which placed the Scripture along side the advise and beliefs of the Church hierarchy. This resulted in the translation of the Gospels and the Bible into English so that all people could read and understand the Scriptures. The Lollards rebelled against the idea that the host and wine could be turned into the body and blood of Jesus, and called for a return to primitive simplicity and morality. Two main areas of contention for the Lollards, as well as the royal administration, however, were the Churchs exorbitant wealth and the supremacy of the pope. 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Criminal Justice System - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2758 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Tags: Criminal Justice Essay Justice Essay Did you like this example? Title How can a Restorative Justice approach work in our current Criminal Justice System? Restorative Justice Introduction Before the Restorative Justice Act was enacted by the Maltese Parliament in 2010 and subsequently coming into force in 2012 with the publication of Legal Notice 43, criminal justice was first and foremost a punishing system as a means of vengeance on behalf of society. Yet, in reality Restorative Justice is not a recent belief that has developed during these last few years. It has been with us for ages and although we do not normally recognize this, it was and still is a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"way of lifeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and used by the general public as a substitute to the punitive system with the aim of punishing offenders. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“In some parts of the world, modern government structures have taken away from communities the power to resolve disputes and wrongdoing. Yet, in many places, traditional structures are still workin g effectively. In the tribal arrangements of some areas, for example, major crimes are settled by community elders and family problems are effectively resolved by family elders, male and female.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Howard Zehr with Ali Gohar 2003). Nevertheless, even though restorative justice is not a recent innovation it still is rather new, given that, universally, criminal justice was initially a punitive approach in providing justice. As a matter of fact, restorative justice came about as a result to the failure of the punitive approach in reducing recidivism. In the study à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Devils and Angelsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ it is stated that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the punitive system failed due to the traditional penal sanctions that included the collapse of the welfare ideal and of the rehabilitative idealà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Fionda, J. 2005). In actual fact, the punitive system was only intended as a deterrent and also as retributive for rejecting the offender from society. In addition , it ignored the rights of the victim from having a say. The role of the victim was only to be called as a witness for the prosecution and then forgotten. Thus the purpose as a witness was just for the Court to establish if the accused is at fault or otherwise. On the other hand, restorative justice is different from the punitive approach. The aim is not only to rehabilitate the offender but more importantly to include the victim as part of the restorative model. Ethics in Victim-Offender Mediation Ethics in mediation process is the crucial aspect to achieve an unbiased solution that would result in a win-win situation for both parties in conflict. The whole mediation process is based on ethics between both the mediator and the parties and the parties themselves. Apart from the parole system, the most important aspect in the Restorative Justice Act of Malta is the victim-offender mediation. There are many critics that have doubts as to whether mediation between an offender and the victim can achieve the desirable result and what type of agreement can be reached. Some of these critical issues include à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Is mediation possible with persons suffering from a personality disorder? Can you mediate with psychopaths? Are there limitations when crime is too severe, and should we protect the victims against secondary victimization? (Delvigne, A. 2005). Restorative Justice in Malta Victim-offender mediation encourages reconciliation and resolution. Yet, not all victims or offenders are eligible to attend victim-offender mediation. First of all, the offender must admit that he had committed the offence in question and must also be willing to enter into mediation. The offender must voluntarily agree to take part in the victim-offender mediation. The victim, just like the offender, must also voluntarily agree to take part and be willing to enter into such mediation. Whether victim-offender mediation takes place or not will be specifically determin ed by the nature of the offence, including the level of harm caused by the aggressor or the violence involved in its commission according to the legal regulations. Not all victims and offenders are eligible to victim-offender mediation and account will be taken of the victimsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ motivations in meeting up with the offender and vice-versa. The personal characteristics of both the offender and the victim will be considered as well as the impact of the offence as seen by both the offender and the victim. The possibility of psychological repercussions on the victim is also taken into account as well as the offenderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s remorse for his/her actions. What is interesting is that victim-offender mediation takes place without the presence of any legal counsel. There are three instances where mediation should be terminated. It should come to an end when an agreement is reached; when an agreement cannot be reached; or when either of the parties does not wish t o carry on with the mediation. The agreement reached can include compensation for damages, non-pecuniary compensation, community service or even rehabilitation programs and formal apologies. The essential aspect remains that the victim and the offender should reach a consensus following a negotiation process of a reparation agreement. An effective Restorative Justice approach Restorative justice, unlike the punitive system, advocates forgiveness, healing, reintegration, reconciliation and is specifically aimed at offenders and victims. It also offers support to offenders along with a final resolution to victims and also strengthening the relationships in communities. Several countries have reported that during these last years there was an increase in the number of victims of crime who have gave their consent in meeting in-person with the offender who had caused them harm. (OVC, 2000). The main reason for crime victims to meet their offenders is essentially to let them know how the crime has affected their live; to ask the question à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"whyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ they were victimized and other distressing questions which every victim has a right for an answer. Furthermore, these meetings will cause influence so that offenders will be held accountable for the crime they have caused. A study carried out by Dussich and Schellenberg (2010) revealed that organisations in various countries, directly involved in the criminal justice system including the police, law courts, and probation officers have all praised and supported the use of victim-offender mediation as a realistic alternative to the traditional retribution that every State on behalf of society demand against offenders. In view of this growing need, the time has come for the Maltese legislature and judiciary to acknowledge and promote the significance of victim-offender mediation by primarily giving it the value and priority it deserves towards victims and subsequently to look at the need s of the offenders. Victim-offender mediation should not be classified or linked as part of the civil, commercial, or family mediation. These categories of mediation are totally distinct from each other and should be regarded and dealt with as such. In Malta, mediation in family dispute situations such as marriage separation or child custody affairs is mandatory and in time it has become accepted as a viable alternative to court litigation. Nevertheless, mediation in civil, commercial, and social disputes including victim-offender mediation is currently applied only in theory and non-existent in reality. The distinction between the various civil forms of mediation against that of VOM is that in civil related issues the participants are referred to as disputants and the objective for mediation is that of reaching a mutual resolution by compromise that will assist both parties equally. Therefore both disputants are considered as evenly balanced and are expected to contribute on the same level to resolve their conflict. In essence, the aim of these settlements focuses on the conflict with little weight given on the participants emotional aspects or how the resolution is going to affect their lives. On the contrary, in mediation, the participants should not be considered as disputants. The power of imbalance between the victim and offender already exists and the offender is already regarded as guilty for having committed a criminal offence. On the other hand, the other party is considered and labelled as the victim of the crime. This means that mediation will not focus on the guilt or the level of compromise to be reached. Victims of crime should not concentrate on negotiating the type of restitution to be granted, but VOM is primarily to be regarded as a dialogue between the victim and the offender, where the interests and needs of the victim should be given precedence, followed by the needs of the offender and the type of restitution or financial compensat ion to be reached as part of the agreement. Nevertheless it should be maintained that the agreement is only to be regarded as a secondary issue whilst the objective of initiating a VOM meeting should remain as a restorative justice dialogue between the victim and the offender. Empathy towards the offender is also vital as the dialogue should be guided in order to prevent future criminal conduct by the offender. According to Unmbreit (2001), VOM à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“provides interested victims the opportunity to meet with the juvenile or adult offender, in a safe and structured setting, with the goal of holding the offender directly accountable for their behaviour while providing important assistance and compensation to the victim.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The Way Forward As I have already explained, the purpose of victim-offender mediation is to offer a conflict resolution procedure in restoring the emotional and physical harm caused by the crime. Although in our legislation victim-offender mediation is listed as Part VI of the Legal Act under the heading of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Establishment of the Victim Support Unità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, it is not clear whether Restorative Justice in specifically intended towards society, the victim, or the offender. Our legislative representatives appear to be more inclined towards taking the direction of society-centred approach. Of course, one of the aims for restorative justice is intended to eliminate or at least control recidivism, however in order to arrive at this phase, the main priority should be focused towards a victim-centred approach. This is supported by research that suggests that mediation should be person-centred rather than position-centred communication. (Motchnig R., 2014). The safety and wellbeing of the victim is to be placed high in the dialogue agenda. It is the appointed mediatorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s role who is responsible for the security, protection and welfare of the victim. The victim should feel out of harms way during the entire process and therefore the location for the meeting with the offender should be conducted in a place where the victim deems secure. Individual pre-mediation meetings are of vital importance, so that the mediator would be able to carry out a screening process on both the victim and the offender with the objective to evaluate whether they are suitable of representing themselves and competent to communicate their needs. Furthermore the mediator would also be in a reasonable position to explain to each party in a private manner the rules and guidelines to be followed. The mediator should first approach the offender to verify that s/he is giving his or her consent to meet with the victim. It would be a case re-victimisation, if the mediator first discusses this issue with the victim and after agreeing to meet the offender, finds out that the offender has turned down the request for VOM. Active listening, empowerment and empathy should be an on-going process throug hout the mediation sessions in order to encourage the victims to express their needs, to participate effectively, and to assist the offender to listen to what the victim has to say. Author Kenneth A. Wells (2008) quotes that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A good listener tries to understand what the other person is saying. In the end he may disagree sharply, but because he disagrees, he wants to know exactly what it is he is disagreeing with.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Apart from the location site, the waiting area and the seating setting is also part of the logistics that the mediator needs to prepare ahead of the meeting. The victim should be advised to be seated close to the exit door and preferably the offender and victim are to be seated at the opposite ends of the table with the mediator seated to the side of each party. Whatever the seating arrangement is, the outcome should be that the victim feels safe and secure. The victim should also be given the opportunity to choose whether he/she wants to sp eak first or to let the offender initiate the dialogue by going through the sequence of events that led to the crime. Some victims tend to wait before they speak up with the aim to overcome any power of imbalance that might exist. According to Ken Braun (n.d.) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“No conversation is too difficult to have but sometimes people need help having that conversation.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  I believe that the duration of the entire mediation should last not more than three sessions. If after these sessions, the mediator feels that there are no developments or that a resolution is still far from being reached, than it would be futile to continue pursuing for an agreement and it would be better to stop mediation. As for restitution, it is essential that the agreement plan must be negotiated between the victim and the offender. It could be monetary or non-pecuniary compensation and some victims might be satisfied that the offender follow a rehabilitation programme or perform community w ork. For others a simple letter of apology would be all that they require or ask for. No matter what the mode of restitution is, the bottom line is that such an agreement should be legally binding either by the court of law or signed by the parties themselves and approved by the victim-offender mediation committee. In order to achieve this, parliament is to rectify and amend the Restorative Justice act so that justice with victims would be prevailed. As the law stands today, an agreement reached by the parties is not binding and this could be one of the reasons why VOM is not acknowledged or recognised by victims or professionals working in the field of the criminal justice system. Another approach for restorative justice to be effective is for the mediator to keep in contact with both the victim and the offender after the end of mediation, at least for a period of time. A short term follow-up is sometimes all that is required for victims to feel secure and to continue leading a normal life. The victim-offender mediation committee should include as part of its responsibility the role of an advisory board where mediators can have a point of reference to consult and discuss difficulties that they may encounter with their supervisors. This requires competent and qualified appointed committee members who are knowledgeable in legal aspects, mediation, and psychological assistance. Conclusion Personally, I feel that the past and present appointed VOM committee have so far failed in their mission to incorporate the Restorative Justice act as an integral part of our criminal justice system. In order to resolve this limitation, the committee is required to seriously promote VOM. After all, article 27(1)(g) of Chapter 516 of the Laws of Malta clearly states that one of the functions of the victim support unit is the promotion of victim-offender mediation as a means of reparation for both the victim and the offender at any stage of the criminal justice process. This can be achieved by coordinating and setting-up conferences and seminars to all stakeholders within the criminal justice system, and also to promote this practice throughout the media for the information of the general public. In conclusion, if victim-offender mediation is not given the opportunity by the Magistrates and Judges in referring eligible cases to the committee for evaluation, it will remain difficult to analyse the benefits that this system claims to provide and most of all whether it would be constructive in enhancing our criminal justice system. If on the other hand the situation remains status-quo with the same approach as currently exists, than VOM will most definitely remain missing and non-existent in our legal system. References Braun, K. (n.d.). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Victim Offender Reconciliation Programà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Community Mediation Services of Polk County. Oregon: Dallas. Delvigne, A. (2005), 7th International Conference on Conferencing, Circle s and Other Restorative Practices: Manchester, England. Dussich, J. P., Schellenberg, J. (2010). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Promise of Restorative Justice: New Approaches for Criminal Justice and Beyondà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . pp. 121-123. Lynne Rienner Publishers. Fionda, J. (2005). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Devils and Angelsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Hart Publishing, p. 175. Howard, Z., Gohar, A. (2003). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Little Book of Restorative Justiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Good Books Publication, USA. Motschnig, R., Nykl, L. (2014). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Person-Centred Communication: Theory, Skills and Practiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . pp. 55-56. Berkshire: England. Open University Press. Office of Victims of Crime (2000). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Guidelines for Victim-Sensitive / Victim-Offender Mediation: Restorative Justice through Dialogueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/ovc_archives/reports/96517-gdlines_victims-sens/guide7.html. Restorative Justice Act (2010). Chapter 516 of the Laws of Malta. Umbreit, M. (2001). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The handbook of victim offender mediationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Criminal Justice System" essay for you Create order

Theory of Cognitive Development and Jean Piaget - 2077 Words

Abstract: Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget was the first to study cognitive development systematically. One of his major contributions is his theory of cognitive development. However, his theory has numerous limitations and has come under frequent criticism. This essay will analyse four limitations of Piaget s theory and provide alternative accounts. The first three limitations will be presented through a cultural, social, neuroscientific point of view, and finally, end with the problems of research methods used in Piaget s study to build his theory. It is found that Piaget s theory does not combine cultural context and social context with the development itself and lacks scientific evidence. Moreover, problems in his research methods†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, to emphasise on cultural influences on cognitive development, Carl Ratner mentioned in the articleHistorical and Contemporary Significance of Vygotsky s Sociohistorical Psychology that Vygotsky and Luria (1930/1993) argued that a significant cultural reconstruction has to take place in order for the child to shift from the stage of primitive perceptions to the next one -to the stage of competent forms of adaptation to the external world For example, although Piagets sees that children understand conservation after the pre-operational stage (2-7 years), Joseph C.Berland illustrated in his writings that Price-Williams et al. (1969) showed that pottery making children as young as 6 were able to conserve. However, it is noted by Case and Okamoto et al. that some children from certain cultures are not able to pass conservation tests until they reach puberty while some never pass these tests. In other words, Piaget s theory may be limited to be more representative of children from a certain culture. Second, apart from the limitations due to Piaget ignoring cultural influences, some are related to Piaget overlooking social influences. Without considering the social context, such as the influence of adults or social surroundings, Piaget s theory may not be applied toShow MoreRelatedJean Piaget : Theory Of Cognitive Development Essay1377 Words   |  6 Pages Jean Piaget: Theory of Cognitive Development Jean Piaget, was a trained biologist who was employed at the Binet Institute, where his main job was to develop a French version of an intelligence test. Piaget was very interested in the reason why children would give wrong answers to questions which called for some type of logical thinking. 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Next, an in depth look will be taken at each of the stages followed by defining the Piagetian ideasRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development943 Words   |  4 PagesJean Piaget’s theories of cognitive development broke new ground in the field of Psychology leading to the extension of further research into the area of developmental psychology. In this essay I seek to examine these theories whilst considering their current relevance to modern psychology and society. A major part of Piaget’s theory focuses around the idea of schemas; a set of linked mental representations used to make sense of the world. According to Piaget (1952), we are born with a small setRead MoreJean Piaget s Theories Of Cognitive Development1360 Words   |  6 Pages Jean Piaget was a Swiss psychologist. He worked in the fields of Developmental Psychology and Epistemology. He’s known for his works and theories in the field of child development. His theories of cognitive development and epistemological views are called, â€Å"genetic epistemology†. Piaget placed the education of children as most important. His works and theories still play a huge role and influence the study of child psychology today. Jean Piaget was born on August 9, 1896 in Neuchatel, SwitzerlandRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development Essay2015 Words   |  9 Pages Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Penny Clark Austin Peay State University Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Introduction There have been many people that have made huge contributions to the school of psychology. Perhaps one of the most influential theorists was Jean Piaget. Piaget was a philosopher, biologist, educationalist, and psychologists. He decided to study the many ways in which children develop knowledge. He made many contributions to his theoriesRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1607 Words   |  7 PagesShaquille Ross Professor Morris Piaget Theory Jean Piaget s theory of cognitive development gives a broader way of explaining the way of how the process of thinking is developed, based off of different age groups. He became interested in how organisms adapt and conform to its environment. He believe that it was labelled as intelligence. He observed these behaviors by controlling them through schema or schemes. In other words, Piaget organized experiments that are based off of intellectualRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development998 Words   |  4 PagesJean Piaget, born in Switzerland in 1896, contributed to our understanding of the minds of children by introducing his theory of cognitive development. This theory shows us how children come to understand the world in four different stages: the sensorimotor stage, the pre operational stage, the concrete operational stage and the formal operational stage. According to Piaget, each one of these stages is the foundation for the next, so missing a stage is impossible. H e compares it to building the secondRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1587 Words   |  7 PagesJean Piaget was born August 9,1896 in Neuchatel, Switzerland. Before being the first person to make systematic study for cognitive development, he was a clinical psychologist. Piaget was known for his work and for being the founder for child development. He created the theory cognitive-developmental (Kohler, 2008). According to the book, cognitive-developmental theory is one that reflects the behaviors of multiple cognitive structures, the organized patterns of thinking, and the experience that that

Bsn vs Associate Degree in Nursing free essay sample

The Associate dDegree nNurse(ADN) takes a shorter path of two years where the BSN takes longer one with 4 years of education to complete the degree. When we compare the data collected by various groups of nursing professionals, it is evident that the mortality rate, medication errors and patient outcomes are largely improved with high number of BSN onboard. The ADNAssociate degree nurse program was introduced to minimize the nursing shortage during post, second world warSecond World War. Even though The Goldmark report in 1923 recommended that the entry level of education for professional practice as a registered nurse should be a bachelorBachelor of Science in nursing (BSN), the new Associate degree nurse programs, gained much popularity among health care settings, and continuesprograms, gained much popularity among health care settings, and continue even today. Associate degree nursing programs are more to task oriented, where BSN program is based on theory and research. We will write a custom essay sample on Bsn vs Associate Degree in Nursing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The needs of patients are changing on a daily basis, the need for higher education for nurses is in great demand.. Nurses are advocates of patient population, so be prepared to have the knowledge to help them, in preventive medicine, risk reduction, disease management, public health and over all provide a safe environment as per Nightingales theory of environment. When you compare work of an associate degree nurse with a BSN on a daily basis you could see the differences of approaches between associate degree nurse and a BSN. In this author’s experience, an associate degree nurse is well oriented to practical side of nursing, which is well evidenced. When comes to a patient with MRSA infection of an amputated limp site, the Associate degree nurse, is quick to get the patient pain meds, help with positioning, dressing changes, and maintains a clean environment, maintains contact isolation and provided emotional support. Whereas the BSN is there to teach the patient and family about prevention of infection, promotion of healing by correct diet choices, increasing activity and maintain the previous activity level, and prevent progression of infection and further loss. Also coordinated the care with dietary, physical therapy, occupational therapy, social services and case management services etc, thus provided the patient a smooth transition to the new life as a right above knee amputee. The BSN did investigate about the support groups, prosthesis options, family dynamics, and so on. In this situation one could clearly see the different ways of an associate nurse in their scope of practice vsvs. BSN performed through evidence based nursing practices. The expectation to the future of nursing is that, nurse should be capable of maintaining a patient’s over all well being, mentally, physically, socially and emotionally. One could obtain those qualities through proper education and adapting multiple ways of thinking. The ability of clinical reasoning is very important. The clinical picture of patient is changing, always ask yourself, why, what and how. Why the clinical picture is changing, what are the causes, and how can we correct that. For this we have to understand the metaparadigm of nursing, explained by the founders of nursing. A nurse also should have the clinical imagination, scientific and creative reasoning. The new age of nursing is characterized by a synthesis of facts and ideas that generate principles and theories. (Rogers,1994) . One could only achieve that by advancing one’s education to a higher level. Once you reach that level, the horizon is wide; you could further advance your studies to masters programs, nurse practitioner in various disciplines, go for doctorate programs etc. tc. In a study report from International Jjournal of nursingof Nursing sStudies, June 2009, headed by Dr. Kkoen Van den Heede found a major link between the number of BSN on cardiac care units and hospital mortality. Data analyzed from different countries including Canada, Belgium, Netherlands and USA. The result showed there were 4. 9 percentages fewer deaths per 1000 patients on intensive care units with higher num ber of nurses with BSN degree. Linda Aiken and her associates, in their Landmark study in 2003 showed a strong connection between the educational level of registered nurses and patient outcomes. Substantial survival advantage noted specially in surgical patient population. , Even as little as 10% increase in the BSN degree holders make a difference in patient death and failure to rescue by 5%. A highly educated nursing work force is essential to the future of nursing. In short, the medial world is changing, so as the patient.